Conditions We Treat

See Congenital Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Read more.

Arachnoid cysts are fluid filled sacs or cavities of surrounding cells and collagen, that appear on the arachnoid membrane and can present in many locations on the brain and/or spinal cord. Read more.

When a tear occurs in the lining of one of the body’s arteries, this is known as an arterial dissection. Read more.

Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood, oxygen and nutrients to all tissues of the body. An ischemic stroke occurs when an artery supplying the brain is damaged, ruptures or is blocked, causing the flow of blood to be interrupted from reaching the brain. Strokes can occur at all ages. Read more.

The typical flow of blood through the body involves blood passing from the arteries to the smaller capillaries before entering the veins. When an arteriovenous fistula is present, the blood passes directly from the high-pressure fast-flowing arteries to the veins which are normally only exposed to a low pressure from the capillaries. Read more.

An Astrocytoma is a form of brain tumor (benign or cancerous), that develops in the cells that form the supportive tissue of the brain. Read more.

Attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder of childhood, affecting 3 to 7 percent of school-age children. Read more.

An atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, is a fairly rare aggressive tumor usually diagnosed in young children that forms in the tissues of the Central Nervous System. Read more.

Autism refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that makes it difficult for a child to interact socially, communicate verbally and non-verbally and connect with people. Read more.

Bell’s palsy is a sudden unexplained episode of weakness or paralysis of part of the face muscles, usually on one side, that can occur at any age. Read more.

Dwarfism is a type of short stature. There are hundreds of different medical conditions that can affect ultimate size and/or the growth of an infant. Read more.

The brachial plexus is a sub-network of peripheral nerves that originate in the neck region and branch off to control movement and sensation in the shoulders, arm, forearm and hand. Read more.

A brain abscess is a localized brain infection where the material from the inflammation ( pus and cells ) has collected and been walled off. Read more.

Traumatic brain injury or Primary injury to the brain occurs after a direct blow to the head which results in a diminished function of the brain. Read more.

A brain tumor is the growth of abnormal cells in the brain or near the brain. Read more.

Cavernous malformations are frequently small clusters of blood vessels that form abnormally. Read more.

CDKL5 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 5) is a gene located on the X-chromosome. The CDKL5 gene is required to function normally for a normal brain to develop. Read more.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder affecting a child’s ability to move in a coordinated manner. Read more.

Cerebral venous thrombosis is an increasingly recognized cause of stroke in a newborn baby, or children, about 40% of childhood CSVT’s. Read more.

See Syringomyelia. Read more.

The choroid plexus is the tissue that lies in the cavities of the brain (called ventricles and there are four of them) that creates the fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) which surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. Read more.

CLOVES syndrome is a very rare congenital disorder that is characterized by the presence of several problems together. Read more.

Concussion is the temporary abnormality in the way the brain works that occurs after a traumatic jolting of the brain following a blow, bump or shaking of the head (injury). Read more.

Congenital abnormalities of the CNS are birth defects of the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord that occur during fetal intrauterine growth. Read more.

Any unusual physical feature or health problem that is present at the birth of a baby is known as a birth defect or a congenital anomaly. Read more.

Congenital deformities of the spine are usually identified at birth. Many are minor bony abnormalities that cause no problem and are only found during X-rays done for other reasons. Read more.

Craniofacial is a broad medical term that describes abnormalities of the bones of the skull and face. Read more.

A craniopharyngioma is a non-cancerous brain tumor that develops from cells present during early brain development, and in childhood frequently presents between the ages of 5-14 years. Read more.

When a baby has craniosynostosis, however, one or more of the bones of the skull are joined together by bone prematurely, which may lead to problems depending on which, and how many sutures have closed early. Read more.

Cushing syndrome is a relatively rare hormone problem in children (it usually occurs in the 25-40 year age group) associated with too much of the “stress hormone” cortisol (which helps your child's body respond to illness or injury) being present. Read more.

The myelin sheath is a protective fatty material that wraps, protects and insulates the nerve fibers of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Read more.

Glial tissue are cells of the brain that protects and supports the neurons. Tumors that start in the glial tissue at the base of the brain in the brainstem area (which controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure plus other functions) called the Pons, just above the back of the neck, are called diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. Read more.

See Spinal Cord Injury. Read more.

See Bone Dysplasia. Read more.

Encephalitis is a rare inflammation of the brain, which has a number of causes. Read more.

An encephalocele is a rare disorder where the bones of a fetus’s skull do not close all the way resulting in a space through which the tissues surrounding the brain and brain tissue itself bulges. Read more.

Childhood epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes an infant or a child to have repeated seizures over time.  Read more.

Erb’s palsy is a form of brachial nerve palsy that occurs in newborn babies which is characterized by weakness, loss of feeling and difficulty moving the affected arm. Read more.

In order to make facial expressions, (e.g. smiling or closing one's eyes) the brain sends a signal to the muscles of our face through the 7th cranial nerve called the facial nerve. Read more.

Please see Facial motion disorders. Read more.

Fibrous dysplasia is an uncommon bone disease frequently affecting one bone (the skull or long bones of the arms and legs) Read more.

Genetic diseases are conditions that occur due to a mutation in a gene ( a unit of hereditary ) in your body’s cells. Read more.

Glioma is a form of cancer that develops from glial cells of the brain - those cells which support and nourish the neurons. Read more.

Head and spine trauma refer to injuries or accidents that affect an individual’s brain and/or spinal cord. Read more.

Any type of pain in the head, neck, and face can be classified as a headache. Read more.

Hydrocephalus is primarily an excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain. This excess of cerebrospinal fluid accumulation causes the fluid spaces of the brain to enlarge. The cause is not well understood but can be congenital or acquired in nature. Read more.

Inflammation is the process that the body uses to respond to an infection or irritating process. Read more.

When a child has a head circumference that is larger than normal (for the infant's gestational age, age, sex and race), the medical term is macrocephaly. Read more.

See Myelomeningocele. Read more.

Moyamoya disease is a rare disease, frequently seen in children, that causes the blood vessels in the neck to narrow. Read more.

A myelomeningocele is a bulge or sac of the fluid that surround the spinal cord. Read more.

A neural tube defect is a birth defect that occurs very early in the development of a fetus, often during the first month of pregnancy, where the brain, spinal cord and spinal column do not develop normally. Read more.

Neurofibromatosis is a medical term that refers to a group of three unique but related disorders of the nervous system. Read more.

Neurogenetic and neurometabolic abnormalities are disorders that affect how the brain ( and/or other organs) function. Read more.

When peripheral nerves get injured, they can cause a variety of problems in the parts of the body that those nerves serve. Read more.

It is a condition characterized by a flattening of the skull on one side or on the back of the head. Read more.

"Pseudotumor cerebri" is a medical term that physicians use to describe a chronic increase in pressure in the skull and around the brain that occurs for no apparent reason. Read more.

Whenever the skull bone breaks, regardless of the severity, nature, or extent of the breakage, it is known as a skull fracture. Read more.

Spasticity is one form of movement disorder, that presents as increased tone or stiffness of the muscles that causes an inability to produce and control bodily movements. Read more.

See Myelomeningocele. Read more.

The spinal cord is a group of nerves that run down the back of a person that carries messages from the brain to the rest of the body. Acute spinal cord injury in children is fairly uncommon, frequently occurs in adolescents/ young adults and are often male. Read more.

If a tumor grows within (~ 10%), in the tissues around, or spreads from a different site to the spinal cord region, it is known as a spinal cord tumor. Read more.

A stroke is brain damage caused by either not enough blood reaching the brain due to blockage of or bleeding from blood vessels or from one or more of the large veins being blocked in the brain. Read more.

Syringomyelia is a rare chronic condition where fluid forms a cyst (syrinx) in the spinal cord. Read more.

A tethered cord is held fixed or held taught by a band (usually at the end of the cord) in the spinal canal. Read more.

Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disease, often diagnosed during infancy or childhood, that causes benign tumors to grow in many parts of the body, including the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs and skin. Read more.

Vascular malformations are congenital lesions, resulting from abnormal development of arteries, veins or lymphatic system vessels. Read more.

During early fetal development the barrier between the very small arteries and the veins that normally slows the blood flow down, are missing, causing the blood to flow faster between artery and vein. This can result in the vein of Galen bulging. Read more.