Pediatric Neurological Conditions we Treat
Nicklaus Children's Brain Institute provides state-of-the-art medical and surgical care for a full spectrum of pediatric neurological disorders. We have a comprehensive range of specialists, programs and clinics covering the following conditions:
Achondroplasia
Please see Bone Dysplasia for further information.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a brain disorder that occurs more often in children than adults. It involves an inflammatory response in the brain causing alteration of mental state and other neurologic symptoms.
Learn more
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Myelitis is a medical term that refers to the spinal cord when it becomes inflamed. When the inflammation spreads across a larger segment of the spinal cord quickly, it’s known as acute transverse myelitis.
Learn more
Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome
Amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome is a condition that causes normal pain sensation to be stronger and more intense than usual. It occurs due to problems related to the brain and spinal cord and often occurs in children.
Learn more
Anencephaly
Anencephaly is a birth defect that affects the developing brain and skull bones of newborn babies.
Learn more
Aneurysms
An aneurysm is a bulging weak spot in the wall of an artery and frequently occurs where arteries branch (usually in the brain, but can occur in other blood vessels, such as the aorta and peripheral blood vessels).
Learn more
Arachnoid Cysts
Arachnoid cysts are fluid filled sacs or cavities that appear on the arachnoid membrane and can present in many locations on the brain and/or spinal cord. Majority of these cysts are discovered incidentally and do not merit surgical intervention but rarely may cause headaches or progressive enlargement of the head.
Learn more
Arterial Dissections
When a tear occurs in the lining of one of the body’s arteries, this is known as an arterial dissection.
Learn more
Arterial Ischemic Stroke
An ischemic stroke occurs when an artery supplying the brain is damaged, ruptures or is blocked, causing the flow of blood to be interrupted from reaching the brain. Strokes can occur at all ages.
Learn more
Astrocytoma
An Astrocytoma is a form of brain tumor (benign or cancerous), that develops in the cells that form the supportive tissue of the brain.
Learn more
Attention Deficit and Learning Disorders (ADHD)
Attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder of childhood, affecting 3 to 7 percent of school-age children.
Learn more
Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor
An atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, is a fairly rare aggressive tumor usually diagnosed in young children that forms in the tissues of the Central Nervous System.
Learn more
Autism
Autism refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that makes it difficult for a child to interact socially, communicate verbally and non-verbally and connect with people.
Learn more
Becker's Muscular Dystrophy
Becker's muscular dystrophy is a disorder that causes the muscles of the pelvis and legs to get gradually weaker over time. This can lead to a number of complications as the disease progresses.
Learn more
Bell's Palsy
Bell’s palsy is a sudden unexplained episode of weakness or paralysis of part of the face muscles, usually on one side, that can occur at any age.
Learn more
Bone Dysplasia (Dwarfism)
Dwarfism is a type of short stature. There are hundreds of different medical conditions that can affect ultimate size and/or the growth of an infant.
Learn more
Brachial Plexopathy
Please see Brachial Plexus Injuries for further information.
Brain Abscess/Subdural Empyema
Subdural empyema and brain abscess are serious infections of the brain where pus accumulates inside or around the brain, often as a consequence of sinusitis, ear infections, dental caries or even urine infections. These can result in severe headaches, drowsiness or seizures. An urgent intervention is often necessary. Hence a consultation or visit to the emergency room is recommended.
Learn more
Brain Infections
The brain and its coverings can become infected by a wide variety of infections which include bacteria, viruses and uncommonly parasites and fungi.
Learn more
Brain Tumors
The term brain tumor refers to an unusual growth of tissue seen in the brain irrespective of the nature and cause of the growth.
Learn more
Cavernous Malformations
Cavernous malformations are frequently small clusters of blood vessels that form abnormally.
Learn more
CDKL5 Disorder
CDKL5 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 5) is a gene located on the X-chromosome. The CDKL5 gene is required to function normally for a normal brain to develop.
Learn more
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological disorder, often as a consequence of events in the early years of life, which affect the neurological function at various levels. Children may have difficulty in moving in a coordinated manner, learning and behavioral problems or seizures.
Learn more
Cerebral Palsy from Birth-Related Complications
Cerebral palsy is a condition that impacts the muscles, posture and movement. People with the disorder often have trouble moving or walking due to the limitations created by this condition. In many cases, complications that occur at birth can lead to cerebral palsy.
Learn more
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CSVT)
Cerebral venous thrombosis is an increasingly recognized cause of stroke in a newborn baby, or children, about 40% of childhood CSVT’s.
Learn more
Cerebrovascular Accidents
The commonest types of Stroke in children are when the blood flow to the brain is interrupted due to a blood vessel rupturing or a blockage occurs
Learn more
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Of the inherited nerve disorders, Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome is one of the most common. It impacts the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It impacts 1 in every 2,500 people in the US and is named for the three doctors who discovered the disorder.
Learn more
Chiari Malformation
Please see Syringomyelia for further information.
Choroid Plexus Brain Tumor
The choroid plexus is the tissue that lies in the cavities of the brain (called ventricles and there are four of them) that creates the fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) which surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
Learn more
Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion is a disorder that occurs when a small part of chromosome 22 is missing at birth. It leads to a wide variety of complications in children born with the disorder.
Learn more
CLOVES Syndrome
CLOVES syndrome is a very rare congenital disorder that is characterized by the presence of several problems together.
Learn more
Concussions
Concussion is the temporary abnormality in the way the brain works that occurs after a traumatic jolting of the brain following a blow, bump or shaking of the head (injury).
Learn more
Congenital abnormalities of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Congenital abnormalities of the CNS are birth defects of the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord that occur during fetal intrauterine growth.
Learn more
Congenital Heart Defects/Disease
Any unusual physical feature or health problem that is present at the birth of a baby is known as a birth defect or a congenital anomaly.
Learn more
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Congenital muscular dystrophy refers to a group of muscular dystrophies that are present at birth or shortly afterward. They involve muscle weakness, joint stiffness and other symptoms that impact a child’s ability to move, breathe and even learn.
Learn more
Congenital Myopathies
Myopathies are diseases that impact the muscles. A congenital myopathy is a muscle disease that is present at birth. They can take on many forms, but almost all of them include lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness.
Learn more
Cortical Visual Impairment
Temporary or permanent vision problems that occur because of injury or damage to the brain areas responsible for vision (as opposed to problems with the eyes) is known as cortical visual impairment.
Learn more
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Craniofacial is a broad medical term that describes abnormalities of the bones of the skull and face.
Learn more
Craniosynostosis
When a baby has craniosynostosis, however, one or more of the bones of the skull are joined together by bone prematurely, which lead to problems depending on which, and how many sutures may have closed early.
Learn more
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
The ulnar nerve is a mixed (sensory and motor) nerve that runs along the inner part of the elbow. If it gets compressed, the result can be cubital tunnel syndrome, which causes a number of symptoms in the arm and hand.
Learn more
Cushing's Syndrome (Hypercortisolism)
Cushing syndrome is a relatively rare hormone problem in children (it usually occurs in the 25-40 year age group) associated with too much of the “stress hormone” cortisol (which helps your child's body respond to illness or injury) being present.
Learn more
Demyelinating Disease
The myelin sheath is a protective fatty material that wraps, protects and insulates the nerve fibers of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Learn more
Developmental Delays
Whenever a child fails to reach a set of developmental milestone for physical/motor, in language and communication, social, or behavioral function, and/or cognitive ability at their expected time, it's known as developmental delay.
Learn more
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG)
Tumors that start in the glial tissue at the base of the brain in the brainstem area (which controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure plus other functions) called the Pons, just above the back of the neck, are called diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas.
Learn more
Disc Herniation
Please see Spinal Cord Injury for further information.
Dwarfism
Please see Bone Dysplasia for further information.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a learning disability that’s characterized by a variety of difficulties related to reading, speech or understanding speech or the written word. Children with the disorder often have challenges related to school or learning.
Learn more
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Eastern equine encephalitis is a rare but serious viral infection that causes inflammation in the brain, or encephalitis.
Learn more
Embryonal Brain Tumors
Embryonic (fetal) cells are a type of brain cell that remains in the brain after birth and while embryonic tumors can occur at any age they most often happen in babies and young children.
Learn more
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a form of muscular dystrophy that causes problems with the skeletal muscles and the heart. The joints most commonly impacted by this form of muscular dystrophy include the elbows, ankles and neck. Almost all adults with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy develop heart problems.
Learn more
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is a rare inflammation of the brain, which has a number of causes.
Learn more
Encephalocele
An encephalocele is a rare disorder where the bones of a fetus’s skull do not close all the way resulting in a space through which the tissues surrounding the brain and brain tissue itself bulges.
Learn more
Ependymoma
Ependymal cells form the lining of the ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Tumors that develop from these cells, are called ependymomas.
Learn more
Epilepsy
Childhood epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes an infant or a child to have repeated seizures over time. Seizures, also known as convulsions, are episodes in which brain activity is disturbed, causing changes in attention or behavior.
Learn more
Erb's Palsy
Erb’s palsy is a form of brachial nerve palsy that occurs in newborn babies which is characterized by weakness, loss of feeling and difficulty moving the affected arm.
Learn more
Facial Motion Disorders
In order to make facial expressions, (e.g. smiling or closing one's eyes) the brain sends a signal to the muscles of our face through the 7th cranial nerve called the facial nerve.
Learn more
Facial Nerve Paralysis
Please see Facial Motion Disorders for further information.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol spectrum are a group of birth defects that occur when a woman drinks alcohol while pregnant.
Learn more
Fetal CNS Abnormalities
Please see Congenital Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System for further information.
Fibrous Dysplasia
Fibrous dysplasia is an uncommon bone disease frequently affecting one bone (the skull or long bones of the arms and legs)
Learn more
Friedreich's Ataxia
Ataxia is a medical term for the loss of coordination and balance. Friedreich’s ataxia is a common form of ataxia that also impacts the nervous system and heart.
Learn more
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme are high-grade 1V, aggressively growing, cancerous glial tumors which infiltrate into healthy adjacent brain tissue, frequently occurring in both boys and girls aged 5-10 years.
Learn more
Glioma
Glioma is a form of cancer that develops from glial cells of the brain - those cells which support and nourish the neurons.
Learn more
Gliomatosis Cerebri
Astrocytes are star-shaped cells that are part of a glial network of supportive and nourishing tissue within the brain. One rare form of malignant tumor that grows and infiltrates aggressively from these cells and which spreads over the top and throughout the brain is known as gliomatosis cerebri.
Learn more
Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency
Glucose transporter type 1 is a rare genetic disorder where the protein that is necessary to carry glucose from the bloodstream into the brain is lacking.
Learn more
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
When the body’s own immune system mistakenly attacks the nerves of the body, usually following a gastrointestinal or respiratory tract infection, the group of diseases that result is known as Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Learn more
Hamartoma
A Hamartoma is a benign, or noncancerous tumor. It is a mixture of normal tissues/cells that grow abnormally in the place where the tissue/cells normally are found.
Learn more
Head and Spine Trauma
Head and spine trauma refer to injuries or accidents that affect an individual’s brain and/or spinal cord.
Learn more
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Bleeding into the brain occurs after either a clot forms in a vessel carrying blood to it or a brain blood vessel breaks because of an abnormality or disease of the blood vessel.
Learn more
Hereditary Neuropathy
Hereditary neuropathy is a medical term that refers to a group of different inherited medical conditions that cause progressive loss of function (and sensation) from abnormally working nerves that carry signals from the spinal cord to muscles.
Learn more
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is primarily an excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain. There are many cause of hydrocephalus, which can be congenital or acquired in nature. In some children, the cause remains unknown.
Learn more
Inflammatory Brain or Spine Disease
Inflammations of the brain and spinal cord are usually caused by infections from bacteria, viruses or other germs. Others may be caused by genetic abnormalities.
Learn more
Inflammatory Myopathies
Myopathies are diseases that impact the muscles. An inflammatory myopathy is a disease that is chronic and involves inflammation, muscle weakness and sometimes muscle pain. The four main types are polymyositis, dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis and necrotizing autoimmune myopathy.
Learn more
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Please see Hemorrhagic Stroke for further information.
Ischemic Stroke
“Ischemia” is the lack of blood supply to an organ resulting in not enough oxygen being delivered to meet the needs of the organ to function normally. When this happens to the blood supply of the brain it's called an “ischemic stroke”.
Learn more
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
Landau-Kleffner syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes sudden or gradual development of language difficulties and, in some cases recurrent seizures in children, starting between the ages of 2 and 8 years.
Learn more
Learning Disorders and Disabilities
Learning disabilities and disorders are brain based processing difficulties which interfere with learning skills like reading, writing and doing mathematics. Children with learning disorders usually have normal intellectual ability.
Learn more
Leukodystrophy
Leukodystrophy refers to a group of rare progressive diseases that affect the white matter of the brain (myelin), causing a slowing or blockage in brain signals.
Learn more
Macrocephaly
When a child has a head circumference that is larger than normal the medical term is macrocephaly. Most often these children may have an accelerated growth in the first few months after delivery and often have a family history of macrocephaly.
Learn more
Malignant Glioma
Gliomas are tumors formed from cells (glial cells) that hold the nerve cells in the brain in place, protect them and provide them with food and oxygen. Gliomas are divided into four grades of severity (1-1V) depending on the tumor cells’ appearance. The higher the grade the more severe the glioma.
Learn more
Medulloblastoma
Of cancerous brain tumors that can affect children, medulloblastoma is the most common. They represent about 20 percent if childhood brain tumors, particularly in children between the ages of 3 and 8 years, with boys affected more than girls.
Learn more
Meningocele
Please see Myelomeningocele for further information.
Metopic Synostosis
When the sutures in the middle of the forehead of an infant close earlier than they should, it’s known as metopic synotosis. A triangular pointed skull is a noticeable sign of this condition.
Learn more
Microcephaly
When a newborn baby or an infant's head is found to be much smaller than normal for its age, the condition is known as microcephaly.
Learn more
Migraine (Headache)
Migraines are a type of intense headache. They can last from hours to days and be so severe that it causes disabling symptoms. About 5% of children experience migraine headaches by the age of 15.
Learn more
Movement Disorders
Please see Spasticity and Movement Disorders for further information.
Moyamoya Disease
Moyamoya disease is a rare disease, frequently seen in children, that causes the blood vessels in the brain to narrow. There are many causes for this disease and treatment is tailored according to the severity of the disease.
Learn more
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple sclerosis (MS), is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system, attacks and inflames the central nervous system and organs.
Learn more
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
Muscular dystrophy describes a broad group of many ( there are 9 major types ), chronic, progressive illnesses that cause the muscles of the body to become increasingly weak and less flexible over time.
Learn more
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
MG in a rare chronic autoimmune disease in children of all ages, it is characterized by muscle weakness of varying degree in many different areas of the body, it commonly affects the eyes, mouth, throat, arms and legs.
Learn more
Myelomeningocele
A myelomeningocele is a bulge or sac of the fluid that surround the spinal cord. Spina bifida refers to the specific gap in the bony spinal column that protects the spinal cord.
Learn more
Myotonic Dystrophy
Please see Muscular Dystrophy for further information.
Nerve Injuries
Nerves are the system of fibers that carry signals from the brain to the rest of the body. When an injury or damage occurs to one or many nerves, these are known as nerve injuries.
Learn more
Nervous System Disorders
Any condition that adversely affects the function of any part of the nervous system is called a nervous system disorder.
Learn more
Neural Tube Defects
A neural tube defect is a birth defect that occurs very early in the development of a fetus, often during the first month of pregnancy, where the brain, spinal cord and spinal column do not develop normally. In some children there is an open defect at birth which needs to be repaired within 24 hours while others may have a skin covered swelling which can be repaired more electively.
Learn more
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurocutaneous syndromes is a broad term for a group of rare neurological lifelong disorders that cause tumors to grow inside the spinal cord, brain, skin, skeletal bones and other organs.
Learn more
Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a medical term that refers to a group of three unique but related disorders of the nervous system: NF1, NF2 and schwannomatosis.
Learn more
Neurofibrosarcoma
Neurofibrosarcoma is a rare type of malignant cancer in children that develops in the cells of the sheath of the arms and legs, spreading along the nerves.
Learn more
Neurogenetic–Neurometabolic Abnormalities
Neurogenetic and neurometabolic abnormalities are disorders that affect how the brain ( and/or other organs) function.
Learn more
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
When the curvature is caused by problems related to the spinal cord, the brain or the muscles of the body, it can be classified as neuromuscular scoliosis.
Learn more
Neuromyelitis Optica
Neuromyelitis optica is a rare and severe disease of the central nervous system that primarily affects the eye nerves and spinal cord.
Learn more
Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors
The brain and spinal cord contain many neurons and supporting cells. Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors are a rare group of tumors made up of cells of both types, which vary in degree of aggressiveness.
Learn more
Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Neuropsychiatric disorder is a blanket medical term that encompasses a broad range of medical conditions that involve both neurology and psychiatry.
Learn more
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Please see Brachial Plexus Injuries for further information.
Peripheral Neuropathy
The peripheral nerves are the vast network of nerves that transmits messages from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body. When these nerves don’t function normally it is known as a peripheral neuropathy.
Learn more
Periventricular Leukomalacia
Periventricular leukomalacia is a brain disorder occurring in prematurely born babies which is characterized by brain damage with softening and death of the inner part of the brain.
Learn more
Pfeiffer Syndrome
Pfeiffer syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by early fusion of the bones of the skull. This leads to abnormalities of the head and face in children.
Learn more
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
An astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor glioma, and pilocytic astrocytomas are a family of slow-growing, mostly noncancerous (non spreading-grades 1 and 11) tumors from glial cells.
Learn more
Polyneuropathy
Neuropathy refers to damage that occurs to the nerves. When this damage occurs to nerves of the peripheral nervous system, or those outside of the brain and spinal cord, it is known as polyneuropathy. It can be either acute (short-lived) or chronic (long-lasting).
Learn more
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET)
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are a group of cancers (malignant) that start in nerve cells formed in the fetus during early development that haven't developed the way they should have.
Learn more
Pseudotumor Cerebri
Pseudotumor cerebri is a condition characterized by headaches and visual disturbances without an underlying brain tumor.
Learn more
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is a general pain disorder that can affect various regions of the body. It is poorly understood but seems to stem from the autonomic nervous system, which is the part of the nervous system that handles involuntary functions like heart rate and blood pressure.
Learn more
Rett Syndrome
Rett syndrome is a genetic condition that impacts the development of the brain. The primary result is that the muscles that control speech, body movements and the eyes don’t work as well as they should. Girls are the primary victims of the disorder.
Learn more
Seizures
A seizure is a sudden abnormal burst of electrical activity in one or more parts of the brain that interrupt the normal brain signals and result in a wide variety of symptoms such as loss of conciousness and uncontrollable muscle spasms.
Learn more
Skull Fracture
Whenever the skull bone breaks, regardless of the severity, nature, or extent of the breakage, it is known as a skull fracture.
Learn more
Sleep Disorders
Two out of three children under the age of 10 years have some type of sleep problem. Sleep problems can be divided into two broad groups: dyssomnias and parasomnias.
Learn more
Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking is a condition in which a child gets out of bed and walks around while sleeping.
Learn more
Spasticity and Contractures
Spasticity and contractures are conditions in which muscle imbalance across a joint leads to abnormal positioning and tightness. Spasticity refers to involuntary tightening or stiffening of muscles. The term contracture refers to abnormal positioning of a joint.
Learn more
Speech Disorders
Any abnormality of a child’s ability to speak clearly and normally can be classified as a speech disorder.
Learn more
Spina Bifida
Please see Myelomeningocele for further information.
Spinal Cord Injury
The spinal cord is a group of nerves that run down the back of a person that carries messages from the brain to the rest of the body. Acute spinal cord injury in children is fairly uncommon, frequently occurs in adolescents/ young adults and are often male.
Learn more
Stroke disorders and hypercoagulation disorders
A stroke is brain damage caused by either not enough blood reaching the brain due to blockage of or bleeding from blood vessels or from one or more of the large veins being blocked in the brain.
Learn more
Syringomyelia
Syringomyelia is a rare chronic condition where fluid accumulates (syrinx) within the spinal cord. The most common cause of syringomyelia is Chiari malformation. Other conditions that may cause syringomyelia include spinal cord tumors, tethered spinal cord or shunt malfunction.
Learn more
Tectal Gliomas
A tectal glioma ( from a type of glial cell that nourishes and supports other brain cells) is a slow growing, generally benign (non spreading), brain tumor in children 3-16 years of age, situated in the upper portion or roof of the brain stem ( this area of the brain controls important body functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure).
Learn more
Tethered Spinal Cord
A tethered cord is held fixed or held taught by a band (usually at the end of the cord) in the spinal canal.
Learn more
Transverse myelitis
TM is a rare inflammatory disease of the spinal cord (frequently the middle or thoracic part of the cord) that damages the protective covering (myelin) of the nerves ( both for movement and sensation) that transmit information between the brain and the rest of the body.
Learn more
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
TBI is an injury to the brain from direct or indirect physical force to the head and/or brain.
Learn more
Tuberous Sclerosis
Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disease, often diagnosed during infancy or childhood, that causes benign tumors to grow in many parts of the body, including the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs and skin.
Learn more
Vascular Malformations
A vascular malformation is an abnormality where clusters of blood vessels develop during fetal development.
Learn more
Venous Sinus Disease
The venous sinuses are spaces or openings between different layers of the brain that drain blood from the brain. When problems such as blood clots or other issues occur in the venous sinuses, it is known as venous sinus disease.
Learn more
Ventriculomegaly
Ventriculomegaly is a congenital condition in which the ventricles of a fetus/baby are abnormally large.
Learn more
Viral Encephalitis
If the brain becomes infected and inflamed, this condition is often known as encephalitis. In most cases it causes flu-like symptoms and is fairly mild, but it can become life-threatening in rare instances.
Learn more
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a rare inherited disorder that causes non cancerous cysts and tumors and/or cancerous tumors to grow in various organs of the body.
Learn more
Williams Syndrome
Williams syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that causes short stature, developmental delay, unique facial features and growth delays, among many other symptoms including heart problems.
Learn more